Editing Sidanius Pratto 1999 (section)

===Social-Psychological Theories===
*Focus on the individual in the context of their group and social community, the norms they have learned through dominant cultural narratives, and someone’s desire to fit in as a member of a group.
====Socialization and Social Learning Theories====
*Assumes the reason people are racist or otherwise discriminatory is because they have been taught to act this way since they were children
====Modern Racism Theories====
*Asserts blatant and extreme forms of racism against Black Americans happened in the past (and largely do not happen now). Now, more subtle and indirect forms are used.
*These subtle forms are called '''residual racism''':
**Learned emotional antipathy towards Black Americans
**Cognitively driven stereotyping
**Old fashioned racism has been replaced by symbolic racism
*'''Principle-implementation gap:''' contradiction between whites’ support for racial equality as a principle but opposition to policies that would increase racial equality
*'''Critiques:'''
**'''Symbolic racism is just measuring political ideology'''
**'''Symbolic racism is old-fashioned racism in disguise'''
**'''Overlap between symbolic racism and the attitudes it is purported to predict'''
====Realistic Group Conflict Theory====
*Intergroup discrimination and conflict results from groups being locked in real conflict over resources that are material or symbolic. This conflict is imagined to be zero-sum.
* '''Makes two assumptions the authors criticize:'''
**'''Real groups actually exist, and have a shared history and fate'''
**'''Groups truly believe themselves to be in a zero-sum game'''
*Authors argue that these conditions are sufficient to produce discrimination but not necessary
====Social Identity Theory (SIT)====
*Humans have a desire for positive social identity. Even if it unclear what membership means or what the group is (such as the imagined groupings in Tafjel’s lab experiments), people will make up meanings to signal their group’s superiority (and therefore, their superiority). They allocate more to people in their groups than outgroups.
*The more stable boundaries between groups are, the more discrimination happens between groups.
*'''Four problems with SIT'''
**'''Views social identity as the motivator for intergroup discrimination'''
***'''Implies those who strongly identify with their ingroup are most likely to discriminate in favor of their group (contested findings in the literature)'''
**'''Does not address differential social power between groups'''
**'''Does not address outgroup favoritism'''
***'''Members of low-status groups sometimes prefer high-status outgroups'''
**'''Primarily focuses on preference towards the ingroup rather than denigration of the outgroup, even though many historical examples focus on harming other groups as opposed to lifting up one’s own.'''