Editing Beltrán 2010 (section)

====Chicano Movement====
*Described as "the most traumatic and profound social movement to occur among Mexicans"
*The Chicano movement shifted Mexican American politics and its relationship to American society
*Intense political activity, militant cultural nationalism, mass mobilization, thousands of participants
*Went from ethnic separatism to socialist internationalism
*Norms of Mexican American politics: assimilation, integration, and participation in electoral politics --> an "egalitarian ideal"
*Veered away from American way of politics, "adhered to no doctrine"
*Political advancement not through mass movements, but by getting close with the Democratic Party
*Organizations: LULAC, American GI forum, Pan American Progressive Association
*LULAC: League of United Latin American Citizens 
**Distinguished middle-class membership from Mexican newcomers
**Restricted membership to American citizens
**Won victories in courts over de jure segregation
**High school dropout rates were high (50%)
*The rise of the Chicano movement was a reaction to "ongoing inequality and earlier strategies of Mexican American elites"
*Chicano students were the community's most politicized and active members
**Fighting for citizenship rights through blowouts, demonstrations, rallies, sit-ins
**Protested Vietnam, Anti-war, fought for Chicano studies program
**Youthful radicalism, shift in group consciousness shaped by labor activism through arts
*California: Caesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta founded the National Farm Workers Association (later became United Farm Workers of America (UFW))
**Strikes, nationally publicized, hunger strikes, boycotts
*Brown Berets
**LA paramilitary group that encouraged student protests
**Fought to restore ownership of common-use land
*Artistic Renaissance: art, music, literature in 1960s/70s
*Heterogeneity as the most striking elements of Chicano movement
**Movement embodied historical, regional, and social diversity (most apparent within student movement)
*Chicanismo
**Emerging ideology of cultural nationalism
**Militant version of self-help and racial solidarity, based on a shared history
**Aztlán concept: symbol that mobilized Chicanos into political action
**Political manifesto: El Plan Espiritual de Aztlán
**New ideology: self-determination and communal empowerment, focused on social inequality, community empowerment, fear of cultural disintegration