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| ==Introduction== | | == Introduction == |
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| '''Formation of the White Power Movement:''' | | '''Formation of the White Power Movement:''' |
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| * The story of white power as a social movement exposes broader enduring impacts of state violence in America, echoing the catastrophic ricochet of the Vietnam War. | | * The story of white power as a social movement exposes broader enduring impacts of state violence in America, echoing the catastrophic ricochet of the Vietnam War. |
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| ==Chapter 1: "The Vietnam War Story"==
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| '''Vietnam Veterans'''
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| *Louis Beam returned home from Vietnam, accounting for the killings of twelve to fifty-one "communists" in 1968.
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| *Beam logged more than a thousand hours shooting at the enemy and transporting his fellow soldiers during the eighteen months he spent in Vietnam
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| **Weaponizing his story from the war allowed him to spark a white power revolution by militarizing the renewed Ku Klux Klan.
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| *The war served to polarize political groups on both ends of the spectrum as veterans entered critical roles in organizing politics and culture.
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| *Beam pushed forth a story about government betrayal, soldiers left behind, and a nation that would never value his sacrifice.
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| **Veterans within the white power movement thus signify a larger narrative regarding their claims on society and the aftermath of war.
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| '''Postwar Attitudes'''
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| *Resurgences for the Ku Klux Klan occur more in tandem with post-war effects than with poverty, anti-immigration sentiment, or populism.
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| *The cooperation of veterans and civilian Klan members amounted to an overspill of state violence from the war into the threads of American culture, society, and politics.
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| *Veterans who joined the Klan after the war played instrumental roles in leadership, providing military training to other klansmen and carrying out acts of violence.
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| *War narratives that pushed an understanding of betrayal by the government and suffering laid the foundations of activism for white power.
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| *People felt disenchanted from failures to achieve decisive victories after the extensive use of soldiers, bombs, and money.
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| *Vietnam differed from other wars in its normal and frequent engagement with civilian violence, mutilation, sexual violence, and other crimes.
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| *Defeat served to challenge the image of the American soldier, questioned the global political order, and intensified anti-communist sentiment.
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| *Vietnam Veterans Against the War lead anti-war demonstrations, denounced the war, and moved to provided assistance to those who had suffered physical effects from exposure to chemicals during the war
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| **During this period veteran groups such as prisoners of war/missing in action (POW/MIA) gained major political lobbying power.
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| **Veterans who formed part of the white power movement used the Vietnam war to anti-government sentiment by telling stories of war soldiers who had met gruesome injury and death, faced hardship, insects, abandonment, rot, and disease.
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| **Many American soldiers who came home after the war were spat on and called baby killers. Their service was not appreciated and those that were left behind as prisoners of war were abandoned and forgotten. The ones who came home were denied homecoming parades and their place in public memory.
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| **The Vietnam war story served a vital role in the white power movement although many things that were said regarding the war were contested
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| '''Reactions on the Home Front'''
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| *Martha Rosler made the series "House Beautiful: Bringing the War Home," which combined war violence with suburban domestic spaces to highlight the dissonance between warfare and those calling for war from home.
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| *Other veterans led anti-war demonstrations and mobilized for better treatment of veterans suffering physical, psychological, and political detriments.
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| *Mass attention shifted to veterans' poor treatment by society after returning home, further painting a narrative of betrayal and corruption by the American government.
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| '''Impact on White Power'''
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| *The war engendered a culture that became symbolically iconic for men to reference as a driving political narrative.
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| **Many who joined the white power movement but had not been directly involved with military service had gotten close to enlisting or had an intense interest in the military but had not enlisted because of frustration with how the war was unfolding.
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| *Many activists who came out of it pivoted to racist activities and activism for white power following their perception of betrayals by the government and adherence to a potent political rhetoric.
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| *Over a thousand occurrences of racial violence were recorded by 1970 both abroad and in the United States.
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| *Military service could provide soldiers opportunity to work with diverse people, but nevertheless reinforced racist sentiment and laid the groundwork for racial violence.
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| *Rhetoric dehumanizing the Vietnamese resurged in white power groups at home.
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| *Anti-war protest contributed to a changing perception of the Vietnam war as one of shame and dishonor. This was supported by increasing media coverage and knowledge of wartime atrocities by American soldiers, flipping the narrative to be against war as a whole.
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| '''Beam's Writing'''
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| *Beam consistently called for violent infliction on civilians at home as a response to the government's abandonment of soldiers in Vietnam.
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| *His writing reflects a tension between a man wrestling with the violence of war and a leader of the white power revolution inciting further violence.
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| *He claimed the war continued on long after its end, even as the rules and political landscape had evolved. He called for the violent murder of everyone that had sent soldiers to Vietnam, which appealed to greater audiences of the white power movement.
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| ==Chapter 2: "Building the Underground"== | | ==Chapter 2: "Building the Underground"== |
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| ==Chapter 7: "Race War and White Women"== | | ==Chapter 7: "Race War and White Women"== |
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| Women were central to the white power movement. White women played a crucial symbolic and practical role in the white power movement of the 1980s. This was exemplified during the 1988 Fort Smith sedition trial of movement leaders. | | Women were central to the white power movement. White women played a crucial symbolic and practical role in the white power movement of the 1980s. This was exemplified during the 1988 Fort Smith sedition trial of movement leaders. |
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| '''Background''' | | '''Background''' |
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| *In the 1980s, the white power movement emphasized the symbolic importance of white women's reproduction and the creation of a white homeland in the Pacific Northwest. | | *In the 1980s, the white power movement emphasized the symbolic importance of white women's reproduction and the creation of a white homeland in the Pacific Northwest. |
| *Symbolically, the white power movement invoked the purity and vulnerability of white women to justify its ideology and violence. Leaders portrayed the movement as necessary for the defense of white women from the threats of interracial relationships, non-white birth rates, and government/Zionist betrayals. | | *Symbolically, the white power movement invoked the purity and vulnerability of white women to justify its ideology and violence. Leaders portrayed the movement as necessary for the defense of white women from the threats of interracial relationships, non-white birth rates, and government/Zionist betrayals. |
| *White women were instrumental to the movement's operation and growth. They created important social ties through marriage, supported paramilitary activities, and spread propaganda. They framed their roles as wives and mothers of the white race. Mothers of future Aryan warriors. | | *White women were instrumental to the movement's operation and growth. They created important social ties through marriage, supported paramilitary activities, and spread propaganda. The framed their roles as wives and mothers of the white race. Mothers of future Aryan warriors. |
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| '''White Women as Symbols''' | | '''White Women as Symbols''' |
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| *The movement placed importance on white women as reproductive vessels for the race. | | *The movement placed importance on white women as reproductive vessels for the race. |
| *The white power movement strategically leveraged existing cultural ideas about protecting white female purity and fertility as a call to action and as a way to widen its appeal. The symbolic white woman helped to unify and motivate the movement. | | *The white power movement strategically leveraged existing cultural ideas about protecting white female purity and fertility as a call to action and as a way to widen its appeal. The symbolic white woman helped to unify and motivate the movement. |
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| '''Women's Activism and Support Roles''' | | '''Women's Activism and Support Roles''' |
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| *Women attended and even co-owned paramilitary training camps. While the men focused on weapons and combat training, women learned survivalist skills like canning food, making supplies, and preparing for nuclear war. | | *Women attended and even co-owned paramilitary training camps. While the men focused on weapons and combat training, women learned survivalist skills like canning food, making supplies, and preparing for nuclear war. |
| *Women provided support behind the scenes to enable the men's violent activities. This included disguising male activists, driving getaway cars, destroying evidence, transporting people and weapons, designing group medallions, and proofreading major movement writings. | | *Women provided support work to enable the men's violent activities. This included disguising male activists, driving getaway cars, destroying evidence, transporting people and weapons, designing group medallions, and proofreading major movement writings. |
| *Women helped unify the movement by forging social connections between factions through Marriages and romantic relationships.
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| *Some women produced propaganda aimed at other women in the movement.
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| *During the 1988 sedition trial of white power leaders, the presence of supportive wives and sisters in the courtroom helped create sympathy for the male defendants and made the movement seem less threatening to the American public.
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| '''The Fort Smith Trial and Sheila Beam'''
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| The wife of white power leader Louis Beam played a significant role in the 1988 sedition trial of movement leaders who were charged with conspiring to overthrow the govement. Beam and others were ultimately acquitted.
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| *Sheila and Louis had initially fled to Mexico to avoid trial. Mexico cooperated with US law enforcement and arrested them. After they were extradited back to the US, Sheila became the face of the movement while her husband was held in jail.
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| *During the trail, Sheila was portrayed as an innocent victim of government persecution. She performed the narrative of vulnerable white womanhood who was a devoted wife, devout Christian, and pure Sunday school teacher.
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| *During the arrest in Mexico, Sheila had shot and injured a Mexican police officer. After she was extradited, she claimed she had been sexually assaulted in Mexico and abused by the police. Her perceived purity and image of a victim conferred an innocence-by-association to her husband and the other defendants.
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| *American mainstream media coverage portrayed Sheila and the movement sympathetically.
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| *After the trial, the white power movement used the Beams' story as vindication. Their story was used to mobilize new recruits. Sheila's experience fit neatly into the central narrative of white women as victims in need of protection from the tyrannical government.
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| '''Summary'''
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| *Sheila Beam’s narrative of “endangered white womanhood” resonated with the mainstream.
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| *Journalists repeated Sheila Beam's account of mistreatment without much critique. Instead they focused on her injuries and fragility rather than the charges against her husband.
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| *Louis Beam's defense was centered on his role as a protective husband and father and a traumatized Vietnam veteran.
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| *Anti-miscegenation ideology and the trope of black male threats to white women persisted in 1980s culture.
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| *To appeal to broader anti-government sentiments of the time, Beam invoked his duty to defend the Constitution and popular sovereignty over the federal government.
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| *The prosecution faced major challenges:
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| ** Jury selection was rushed by a sympathetic judge which resulted in a jury that was also sympathetic to the defendants.
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| **The prosecution's case was weakened by the exclusion of evidence by the judge.
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| **Two jurors became romantically involved with defendants after the trial which suggested bias in the jury’s decision.
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| *The white power movement used the victory to mobilize recruits and push its message further into the mainstream.
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| **Leaders of the movement pushed the verdict as a triumph of popular will over government persecution.
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| **The movement united with new neo-Nazi skinheads and militia members in the early 1990s.
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| **Activists made use of stories of victimized white women like Sheila Beam to justify violence against the government.
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