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| Introduction: Aims to explore the development of American racial hierarchies and how the political institutions (along with their laws) in the country have been shaped by people’s racial ideologies all through the country’s history. The delivery of funds, opportunities, resources and (most importantly) power has been highly influenced by the factor of race.
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| Key argument: racial orders thesis-American politics has been dominated by two competing orders (a set of White Supremacist orders and a set of transformative egalitarian orders). | | Key argument: racial orders thesis-American politics has been dominated by two competing orders (a set of White Supremacist orders and a set of transformative egalitarian orders). |
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| A political institution seeks to control individuals and institutions inside and outside bounds. | | A political institution seeks to control individuals and institutions inside and outside bounds. |
| Development- one predominant order gives way to another. | | Development- one predominant order gives way to another. |
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| It isn’t necessarily helpful to separate the south from the north in conversations regarding state and national laws that perpetuated the master and slave orders
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| Those that did not support the preexisting antebellum white supremacist order likely only did so because they played a pivotal role within politics
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| *For example, in 1857 with the Oregon constitutional referendum, in which 74% of voters rejected permitting slavery in the state, but 89% favored excluding Black citizens
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| This can likely be traced and examined through the context of capitalism, with laborers feeling anxiety over being displaced by cheaper labor forces, which further pushed an antiblack narrative
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| King and Smith argue that although there are distinct periods that allow the main institutions and initial formations of systemically racist formations to be traced through, the analysis of the existence of the organizations are not mutually exclusive from analysis of internal conflict of movements.
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| Resistance is more holistic and need to be analyzed through the lens of what it provided to the movement as a whole
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| Movements aren’t monolithic in this way, they have power and hierarchical orders, and movements can be at odds with each other trying to serve the same purpose
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| The Unseen Impacts of Racial Orders | | The Unseen Impacts of Racial Orders |
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| Conclusion | | Conclusion |
| The internal dynamic of American racial orders have is key to analyzing American power structures. | | The internal dynamic of American racial orders have is key to analyzing American power structures. |
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| In conclusion, race has been an influential factor in the organization of US politics and different racial groups have received different advantages and disadvantages by the legal system and its laws. Racial ideologies were used to construct and validate the social hierarchies but the unfair implementation of these same hierarchies also transformed the politics (and our society) over time. The historical analysis by Smith and King within the book shows the complex relationship between race and politics in the US.
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