Editing Tilly 1985

===Main Argument:===

Charles Tilly contends that the coercive and self-serving behaviors inherent in war making and state making, coupled with their reliance on violence and exploitation, closely resemble the traits associated with organized crime. This perspective challenges the traditional perception of these activities as legitimate forms of governance, highlighting their parallels with illicit practices typically associated with criminal enterprises.

====Warning====

'''Introduction'''  
Building upon Weberian definition of the state
The state as an organization that holds the monopoly of legitimate violence over a given geographic territory 
Analogizes the creation of modern nation-states with organized crime in the form of a protection racket that operates with the authority of legitimacy. 
Those responsible for war-making and state-making are compared to manipulative entrepreneurs who use coercive violence for self-seeking purposes
As opposed to:
States as a social contract under which the authorities of states and military offer services to the population through an open market
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'''Purpose'''  
Attempting to address contemporary concerns such as the following:
Increasing destructiveness of war
Expanding role of great powers suppliers of arms and military organization to poor countries
Looming presence of military organization and action throughout the world
Growing importance of military rule in those same countries
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'''The Nation-State'''  
Characteristics of the modern nation-state
Rule over a population inhabiting a large, contiguous territory 
Relatively centralized
Contains differentiated organizations
Officials successfully monopolize the means of violence
Primary example utilized: creation of sixteenth/seventeenth century Western European national states 
E.g. Specifically France’s growth from 1600 onward
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'''Theoretical Framework'''  
Comparing premodern western Europe’s formation of nation-states and the present day third world
Using the example of European experience to better understand and address modern issues
Caveat
Third-world countries and premodern Europe do not strongly resemble one another 
Europe’s past cannot predict the future of third-world countries
Still, we can apply analyses of Europe in comparison to the third world specifically in terms of:
Theoretical framework: 
Coercive exploitation by state/war-makers → popular resistance → implementation of protection and constraints on the state’s own violence by the state itself
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'''Subject of the essay'''  
Organized means of violence → growth and change in forms of government → modern nation-state
I.e. Interdependence: War-making ↔ state-making
Also, during the initial conception and rise of nation-states in Western countries:
State-making ↔ mercantile capitalism
Argument: War makes states
Analogy between state-making and war-making and organized crime (i.e. protection rackets)
Difference: States operate with the advantage of legitimacy 
Organized crime: less successful and smaller scale version of war-making and state-making processes
All on the same continuum: Banditry, piracy, gangland rivalry, policing, war-making

====Double-Edged Protection====

===Violence and Government===
* There is a fine line between 'legitimate' and illegitimate forms of violence imposed upon a political force.
** Despite obvious and immoral stances against crimes of theft, murder, and other acts of criminal violence, it is quite apparent throughout history that many actors in power have bended or crossed that moral line by hiring bandits and assassins to sabotage enemy lines.
** The world of outlaws is to be analyzed as a taboo subject and often looked down upon during times of peace, but can be a necessary key during times of war and manipulation -- especially by people in power.

====Post-17th Century Era====
* This passage explores the historical evolution from 'local and decentralized' hirings of outlaws to full fledged and armed national states in Western Europe to delve into the transformation and progression of governmental structures. It highlights the significance of the distinct features of national states as entities with considerable centralization and command over concentrated sources of power.
** Centralized control via government, not individualized power and violence is what evolved European nations into shaping the modern day nature of national states. By having a monopoly on the means of force, states can assert their sovereignty, enforce laws, suppress dissent, and protect central interests, ultimately eliminating the notion of indirect rule from key actors in power, or magnates.

===Protection as Business===
* The pacification or elimination of rivals, especially rivals with significantly large populations or competitive resources, by the sovereign is portrayed as a strategic move to establish a monopoly on protection.
* Governments, similar to businesses, ironically provide protection services to their citizens regardless of individual preferences. This means that even if individuals may not actively seek or want this protection, governments impose it as part of their role in maintaining order and security within society.
** As a result, it is quite difficult to analyze how necessarily 'good' is this layer of governmental protection, especially in large scale imperialist powers like the United States.

=====Frederic Lane's Theoretical Approach=====
* Monopoly profit signifies how governments wield control over violence, essentially monopolizing its production and regulation. This authority enables them to dictate terms of protection and leverage it for economic gains from their constituents. In essence, the state's monopoly on violence intertwines governance and economics, shaping the dynamics of power and authority within society.
** eg. Lane's coinage of the word "tribute" as means of rationalizing the profound economic benefit a state-maker reaps after 'protecting' its subjected merchants.
* The concept of protection rent highlights the reciprocal relationship between the government and its constituents, where the government's provision of protection services leads to economic gains for those who benefit from enhanced security.
* Maximization of tribute and protection rent hails from citizen ownership, self-centered monarch, and managerial behaviors are simply expected from Lane's concept of protection-providing governments.
** Very capitalistic especially in the form of economic growth in the face of power protection for national states