Beltrán 2010: Difference between revisions
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*Thousands of participants | *Thousands of participants | ||
*Mass mobilization, ethnic separatism to socialist internationalism | *Mass mobilization, ethnic separatism to socialist internationalism | ||
Prior to the movement (1920 - 1960) | |||
*Norms of Mexican American politics: Assimilation integration and participation in electoral politics, an "egalitarian ideal" | *Norms of Mexican American politics: Assimilation integration and participation in electoral politics, an "egalitarian ideal" | ||
*Veered away from American way of politics, "adhered to no doctrine" | *Veered away from American way of politics, "adhered to no doctrine" | ||
| Line 38: | Line 38: | ||
*Faced barriers to socioeconomic advancement | *Faced barriers to socioeconomic advancement | ||
*Rise of Chicano movement was a reaction to ongoing inequality and earlier strategies of Mexican American elites | *Rise of Chicano movement was a reaction to ongoing inequality and earlier strategies of Mexican American elites | ||
Chicano students as community's most politicized and active members | *Chicano students as community's most politicized and active members | ||
Fighting for citizenship rights | *Fighting for citizenship rights | ||
*Blowouts, demonstrations, rallies, sit-ins | |||
Protested Vietnam, Anti-war, fought for Chicano studies program | *Protested Vietnam, Anti-war, fought for Chicano studies program | ||
Youthful radicalism, | *Youthful radicalism, shift in group consciousness shaped by labor activism through arts | ||
California: Caesar Chavez | **California: Caesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta founded the National Farm Workers Association (later became United Farm Workers of America (UFW) | ||
Strikes, nationally publicized, hunger strikes, boycotts | ***Strikes, nationally publicized, hunger strikes, boycotts | ||
Brown Berets | **Brown Berets | ||
LA paramilitary group | ***LA paramilitary group | ||
Encouraged student protest | ***Encouraged student protest | ||
Restoring ownership of common-use land | ***Restoring ownership of common-use land | ||
Artistic Renaissance: art, music, literature in 1960s/70s | **Artistic Renaissance: art, music, literature in 1960s/70s | ||
Heterogeneity as the most striking elements of Chicano movement | *Heterogeneity as the most striking elements of Chicano movement | ||
Movement embodied historical, regional, and social diversity | **Movement embodied historical, regional, and social diversity | ||
Overlap most apparent within student movement | **Overlap most apparent within student movement | ||
Chicanismo | *Chicanismo | ||
Emerging ideology of cultural nationalism | **Emerging ideology of cultural nationalism | ||
Militant version of self-help and racial solidarity | **Militant version of self-help and racial solidarity | ||
Shared history | **Shared history | ||
Aztlán concept, sign or symbol mobilized Chicanos into political action | **Aztlán concept, sign or symbol mobilized Chicanos into political action | ||
Political manifesto: El Plan Espiritual de Aztlán | **Political manifesto: El Plan Espiritual de Aztlán | ||
New ideology: self | **New ideology: self determination and communal empowerment, focused on social inequality, community empowerment, fear of cultural disintegration | ||
====Puerto Rican movement==== | ====Puerto Rican movement==== | ||
*Chicano activists mobilizing same time as Puerto Rican (revolutionary nationalism) | *Chicano activists mobilizing same time as Puerto Rican (revolutionary nationalism) | ||
| Line 73: | Line 73: | ||
*Small but heterogeneous portion of the community | *Small but heterogeneous portion of the community | ||
*Former prison inmates, recovering addicts, college students, hospital workers, parents, Vietnam veterans | *Former prison inmates, recovering addicts, college students, hospital workers, parents, Vietnam veterans | ||
* | *Young Lords as a socialist organization | ||
**People programs | **People programs | ||
**Active base in NY, and | **Active base in NY, and northeast | ||
**Bilingual paper Pa'lante | **Bilingual paper Pa'lante | ||
**Successful demonstrations (largest anti-colonial street demonstration) | **Successful demonstrations (largest anti-colonial street demonstration) | ||
**Cultural and political solidarity between African Americans and PR: Afro Carribeans, Afro-Boricuas | **Cultural and political solidarity between African Americans and PR: Afro Carribeans, Afro-Boricuas | ||
**Denise Oliver leader of Young Lords | **Denise Oliver leader of Young Lords resigned to join the Black Panther Party → interconnected political and racial relationship | ||
Revision as of 18:15, 11 February 2024
Chapter 1: El Pueblo Unido, Visions in the Chicano and Puerto Rican Movements
Introduction
- Late 1960/70s Mexican American and PR activists critiqued American politics
- Used a mix of cultural nationalism, liberal reformism, radical critique, romantic idealism
- New political vocabulary
- Emphasized resistance, recognition, cultural pride, authenticity and fraternity (hermanidad)
- Profound legacy
- Represent an unexplored part of 1960s new Left radicalism compared to African Americans
- Short duration of the movements
- Disproportionate number of political leaders and academics
- Today's Chicano political elites were members of a "political generation"
- Cultivation of significant sociopolitical class
- Produced institutions that continue to shape Latino political and cultural discourse
- Movement's institutional legacy seen in higher education (civic education promoting Latino identity)
- Recent rise of Latinos to high-profile political positions increased attention to organizations and radical pasts
- Example of Governor Cruz Bustamante
- Right-wing politicians characterizing prominent Latinos as "secret" radicals and racist nationalists
- Movement collapsed but its legacy seen in coalitions and empowerment
Chicano and Puerto Rican Movements
Chicano Movement
- Described the most traumatic and profound social movement to occur among Mexicans
- Chicano movement shifted Mexican American politics and relationship to American society
- Intense political activity, militant cultural nationalism
- 1965 - 1975
- Thousands of participants
- Mass mobilization, ethnic separatism to socialist internationalism
Prior to the movement (1920 - 1960)
- Norms of Mexican American politics: Assimilation integration and participation in electoral politics, an "egalitarian ideal"
- Veered away from American way of politics, "adhered to no doctrine"
- Political advancement not through mass movements, but getting close with the Democratic Party
- Organizations: LULAC, American GI forum, Pan American Progressive Association
- LULAC: League of United Latin American Citizens
- Distinguished middle-class membership from Mexican newcomers
- Restricted membership to American citizens
- Won victories in courts over de jure segregation
- High school dropout rates were high (50%)
- Faced barriers to socioeconomic advancement
- Rise of Chicano movement was a reaction to ongoing inequality and earlier strategies of Mexican American elites
- Chicano students as community's most politicized and active members
- Fighting for citizenship rights
- Blowouts, demonstrations, rallies, sit-ins
- Protested Vietnam, Anti-war, fought for Chicano studies program
- Youthful radicalism, shift in group consciousness shaped by labor activism through arts
- California: Caesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta founded the National Farm Workers Association (later became United Farm Workers of America (UFW)
- Strikes, nationally publicized, hunger strikes, boycotts
- Brown Berets
- LA paramilitary group
- Encouraged student protest
- Restoring ownership of common-use land
- Artistic Renaissance: art, music, literature in 1960s/70s
- California: Caesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta founded the National Farm Workers Association (later became United Farm Workers of America (UFW)
- Heterogeneity as the most striking elements of Chicano movement
- Movement embodied historical, regional, and social diversity
- Overlap most apparent within student movement
- Chicanismo
- Emerging ideology of cultural nationalism
- Militant version of self-help and racial solidarity
- Shared history
- Aztlán concept, sign or symbol mobilized Chicanos into political action
- Political manifesto: El Plan Espiritual de Aztlán
- New ideology: self determination and communal empowerment, focused on social inequality, community empowerment, fear of cultural disintegration
Puerto Rican movement
- Chicano activists mobilizing same time as Puerto Rican (revolutionary nationalism)
- Puerto Rican politics in 1950s dominated by moderates and middle class
- Rich history of political radicalism
- Cigar makers influenced, craftsmen, factory readings
- Working class radicalism after WWII
- Massive immigration to the mainland shifted political climate
- Calls for a radical transformation of US society while promoting independence of Puerto Rico
- Inspired by growing militancy in the world
- Significant organizations: Young Lords Party, Puerto Rican Socialist Party, El Comité-MINP, Puerto Rican Student Union, and more
- Young Lords left the most lasting legacy, captured public attention,
- Small but heterogeneous portion of the community
- Former prison inmates, recovering addicts, college students, hospital workers, parents, Vietnam veterans
- Young Lords as a socialist organization
- People programs
- Active base in NY, and northeast
- Bilingual paper Pa'lante
- Successful demonstrations (largest anti-colonial street demonstration)
- Cultural and political solidarity between African Americans and PR: Afro Carribeans, Afro-Boricuas
- Denise Oliver leader of Young Lords resigned to join the Black Panther Party → interconnected political and racial relationship