Yashar 1998

Instrumentalism (from page 29)

Instrumentalism does not answer the question of why ethnic loyalties create political action during different periods of history, but instead explain how organizations come about and are maintained.

Poststructuralism

Poststructuralism assumes that identities are not inherently given but instead are actually constructed and can change by the subject reconstructing their identity as a worker, Indigenous person, woman, etc, in different social settings.
Poststructuralism allows ethnic identity to be seen not as primordial but instead as purposive and allows us to think about the context in which people go about reconstructing their identities.
While the article draws on the idea that individuals have multiple socially constructed identities, poststructuralism cannot explain why ethnicity is an assume salient political identity or describe the conditions that create ethnic organization

Incentives to Organize: State Reforms, National Access, and Local Autonomy

State reforms in prior regimes created allegiance among rural communities that hoped to gain access to land and the state and encouraged indigenous peoples to define themselves as peasants to gain access to state resources
State reforms unintentionally created greater local political and economic autonomy - greater state penetration into rural areas meant more protection from local landlords
As a result of state reforms that nominally protected rural property rights, rural men and women assumed a peasant status in the eyes of the state and practiced an indigenous identity shaped by local practices
Recent dismantling of rural programs have elicited uncertainty about property rights and indigenous peoples’ access to the state, prompting rural organizing and protest to (re)gain access to the state and to secure local autonomy
Rural and demands are the symbolic glue that holds diverse indigenous communities together and neoliberal state reforms are their symbolic target

Capacity: Organizational Networks

Indigenous communities have formed trans-community networks facilitated by states, churches, unions, nongovernmental organizations
The state tried to garner support and suppress rebellion via land reforms, which led to rural organizing and cross community networks and centered the state as the target of organizing
Churches provided means of communication/interaction and literacy skills
Christian ideology encouraged activism and the emergence of lay leaders

Concluding with Democracy

Latin America’s indigenous movements have emerged in response to state reforms that dismantle class rights and community autonomy, as well as incomplete political liberalization which has neglected to support indigenous rights
Indigenous groups have mobilized around land rights to achieve survival and autonomy