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Belew 2018
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==Introduction== '''Formation of the White Power Movement:''' * The white power movement united a wide array of groups and activists previously at odds. * They were thrown together by tectonic shifts in the cultural and political landscape. * Narratives of betrayal and crisis cemented their alliances. '''Attitudes towards the State and National Identity:''' * The white power movement did not seek to defend the American nation, even when it celebrated some elements of U.S. history and identity. * Instead, white power activists increasingly saw the state as their enemy. * Many pursued the idea of an all-white, racial nation, transcending national borders to unite white people from the US, Canada, Europe, etc. '''Erosion of Confidence in the State:''' * At the end of the 1970s, many Americans lost faith in the state that they had trusted to take care of them. * Loss in the Vietnam War and the Watergate scandal undermined their confidence in elected officials. * White power activists responded to Reagan's first term with calls for a more extreme course of action, plotting to overthrow the government. '''Extent and Nature of the Movement:''' * While white power was certainly a fringe movement, it surpassed earlier mobilizations. * Membership alone is a poor measure, with records often destroyed or hidden. * Estimates suggest about 25,000 "hard-core members" in the 1980s, with additional attendees at rallies and events. '''Relationship with Conservatism and Political Ideology:''' * While overlapping with mainstream conservatism, the movement emphasized a radical future achievable only through revolution. * Most activists agreed that achieving their goals would require drastic measures beyond political conservatism. '''Religious and Ideological Components:''' * White power religious radicalism emerged from Cold War perceptions of communism as a threat to Christianity. * Many believed in white supremacy as a component of religious faith, integral to the movement's broader revolutionary character. * Christian identity and other white theologies fueled the belief in ridding the world of the unfaithful. '''Evolution and Impact:''' * Another unifying feature was its strident anti-communism. * White power capitalized on broader cultural paramilitarism, intertwining masculinity with militancy for violent ends. * Through unity, revolutionary commitments, and organizing strategies, white power represented something new, not merely a resurgence of earlier Klan activity. * It encompassed a wider range of ideologies and operated both in public and underground. '''Response to Changing Societal Dynamics:''' * White power also responded to evolving meanings of state, sovereignty, and liberal institutions, particularly after the 1960s. * Dwindling economic prospects became intertwined with cultural backlash. * White power qualified as a social movement through central features like inner circle figures, public displays, and wide-reaching social networks.Β * White power activists used a shared repertoire of actions to assert collectivity, often attempting to hide their activity. * They rallied openly, formed associations, and self-published writings to spread their message. '''Impact and Confrontation:''' * "Bring the War Home" follows the formation of the white power movement, its war on the state, and its apocalyptic confrontation with militarized state power. * The story of white power as a social movement exposes broader enduring impacts of state violence in America, echoing the catastrophic ricochet of the Vietnam War.
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